Echocardiography Exam 2 Practice Test

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• Which modality is used to identify bicuspid or unicuspid cusp morphology on imaging?
• How does M-mode look for aortic stenosis?
• What is the normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction by Simpson analysis in adults?
• In M-mode imaging, what is the characteristic finding for mitral stenosis with mitral annular calcification?
• What views are used to visualize aortic stenosis when using a Pedoff probe?
• A patient has Vmax 4.1 m/s, mean gradient 42 mmHg, and AVA 0.95 cm^2. How would this aortic stenosis be categorized?
• What equation is used to calculate the pressure gradient across the aortic valve in aortic stenosis?
• For rheumatic mitral stenosis, M-mode shows which feature?
• Which statement about the transmitral E/A ratio is accurate?
• If the velocity term doubles, by what factor does the 4*(V)^2 term increase (assuming RAP is unchanged)?
• What size of cusp separation (ACS) suggests some degree of aortic stenosis?
• Low flow out the left atrium results in CO?
• Which pattern of hypertrophy is typical in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
• Which imaging modality provides the most accurate assessment of LV volumes and ejection fraction with fewer geometric assumptions?
• Which finding on echocardiography indicates prosthetic valve dysfunction?
• RVSP or PAP are measured in which phase of the cardiac cycle?
• In evaluating aortic regurgitation, which finding in the descending aorta supports significant regurgitation?
• Which condition is suggested by increased left atrial size, possible left atrial thrombus, and enlargement of the right atrium and right ventricle?
• In Doppler assessment of aortic stenosis, which parameter directly reflects stenosis severity?
• What is the recommended echo approach to evaluate suspected left atrial appendage thrombus before cardioversion?
• In stress echocardiography, which finding defines a positive test for inducible ischemia?
• How are pulmonary venous flow patterns used in diastolic function evaluation, and which change indicates elevated LV filling pressures?
• What is the correct RVSP calculation formula?
• In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which combination of echocardiographic features indicates a higher risk?
• What feature can be seen in a unicuspid aortic valve?
• Which statement NOT typical of AS imaging?
• In prosthetic valve assessment, which finding indicates prosthetic dysfunction beyond gradient changes?
• In the RVSP equation, what operation combines the two terms to yield the estimate?
• Which statement about left atrial enlargement in aortic stenosis is true?
• Why can a transient ischemic attack occur in mitral stenosis?
• Mitral flutter is associated with what level of cardiac output?
• Which method is used to estimate systolic pulmonary artery pressure in echocardiography when a tricuspid regurgitation jet is present?
• Which combination of findings supports HFpEF on echocardiography?
• The PSSA view during systole is used to identify which valvular abnormality?
• What echocardiographic description corresponds to systolic bowing of the aortic valve leaflets that appears dome-like?
• In suspected pulmonary hypertension, which echocardiographic parameter is most useful to estimate the pressure gradient?
• Which echocardiographic measurement defines left atrial enlargement?
• Mitral stenosis leads to increased pressures in the pulmonary circulation. Which statement is true?
• Which Doppler view is used to measure left ventricular outflow tract velocity when evaluating aortic stenosis?
• Which mass is most likely to obstruct the mitral valve in mitral stenosis?
• Which measurement is typically used in aortic stenosis evaluation to determine flow cross-section?
• The velocity term in the RVSP formula contributes to RVSP in what mathematical manner?
• Which measurement is commonly used to define LV hypertrophy in addition to wall thickness?
• Which of the following is a treatment option for mitral stenosis?
• Which method is used to assess mitral stenosis severity from Doppler-derived gradients?
• What is the normal range for TAPSE and at what value is systolic function considered reduced?
• How can doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy be detected early by echocardiography?
• Which finding on IVC assessment is most consistent with elevated right atrial pressure?
• What percentage of the population has bicuspid AS?
• Which finding combination indicates poor prognosis in pulmonary hypertension?
• Which rhythm disturbance on EKG is commonly associated with mitral stenosis due to left atrial enlargement?
• Sclerosis is a precursor for stenosis. True or False?
• Which statement best describes the role of RAP in the RVSP formula?
• Rheumatic disease results in inflammation of leaflets and connective tissue causing which condition?
• Opening snap is a classic auscultatory finding in which condition?
• Which statement about cusp separation in aortic stenosis is correct?
• What steps can be taken to optimize image acquisition and minimize artifacts during an echocardiographic study?
• The RVSP calculation consists of which two terms?
• AS calcification is a result of aging. True or False?
• What regional wall-motion pattern would indicate an acute coronary syndrome on echocardiography?
• Which combination defines moderate mitral stenosis by planimetry and mean gradient?
• In the RVSP formula, which term is added to the squared velocity term?
• Rheumatic aortic stenosis is normally found when evaluating for which condition?
• In AS M-mode, which statement about LV diameter increases?
• How can strain imaging detect subclinical LV dysfunction before a drop in EF occurs?
• In transthoracic echocardiography, which imaging plane best visualizes LV length, the mitral valve apparatus, and the aortic root?
• On 2D imaging, which configuration defines bicuspid or unicuspid aortic valve?
• What is the principle of the PISA method and what are common pitfalls?
• Which statement best describes how bicuspid or unicuspid valves are identified on 2D imaging?
• Fatigue due to low left atrial flow in mitral stenosis is:
• What is a precursor for stenosis?
• MAC stands for which of the following in cardiology?
• On two-dimensional imaging, what is a typical finding for mitral stenosis?
• Which method estimates mitral valve area using the continuity equation?
• What is the role of bubble study in PFO/ASD detection and how is shunt positivity defined?
• Which formula is used to calculate left ventricular mass from echocardiographic measurements in M-mode or 2D imaging?
• Which statement best describes the limitations of 2D echocardiography for LV volume assessment compared with 3D?
• Parachute mitral valve is defined by which anatomic feature?
• Coarctation of the aorta is a localized narrowing often occurring just past the takeoff of which artery?
• Which statement describes calcification or acquired aortic stenosis?
• What is the classic auscultatory finding for mitral stenosis?
• What are the benefits of 3D echocardiography for assessing the mitral valve?
• Which of the following lists the three types of aortic stenosis?
• Which imaging view is best for visualizing the LV outflow tract and aortic valve?
• Abnormal valve structure or function is often characterized by what on echocardiography?
• In mitral stenosis with MAC, which echocardiographic finding is commonly observed?
• Which parameter is used to assess right ventricular longitudinal function and prognosis in pulmonary hypertension?
• Obstruction of the mitral valve outflow causes what hemodynamic effect?
• Which feature best distinguishes constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy on echocardiography?
• Which finding on echocardiography indicates left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
• Pressure half time, continuity equation, and planimetry all measure what in mitral stenosis assessment?
• Fatigue in mitral stenosis is most directly associated with which of the following?
• AS calcification is most common in adults.
• Eccentric valves are common in bicuspid aortic valves. True or False?
• During aortic stenosis, what does left ventricular M-mode typically show regarding contractility?
• What does the abbreviation PSSA stand for in echocardiography?
• In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, what is the mechanism of dynamic LVOT obstruction?
• Which findings are classic for cardiac tamponade physiology?
• Which finding is typical for bicuspid valves on M-mode?
• Is left ventricular function typically preserved during mitral stenosis?
• Which artifacts can mimic pathology in echocardiography and how are they identified?
• In mitral stenosis, which EKG finding is most likely?
• Which method uses the deceleration time of the mitral inflow (pressure half-time) to estimate the mitral valve area?
• Which of the following is a symptom of mitral stenosis?
• Which parameter is commonly used to assess the severity of aortic regurgitation on echocardiography?
• Which statement is true about atrial fibrillation and left atrial flow in stenosis?
• In GLS assessment, what does a more negative value indicate about LV shortening and function?
• Which statement about LVH and LA enlargement in aortic stenosis is true?
• Mitral stenosis is high risk for which complication?
• Mitral stenosis causes what change in pulmonary pressures?
• Eccentric valves are commonly seen in which valve condition?
• What term describes a crease or seam at the union of two leaflets?
• Parachute valve is a congenital malformation of which cardiac valve?
• In the RVSP formula, the two terms are combined how to produce the final estimate?
• Left atrial enlargement is associated with what clinical significance?
• What echocardiographic signs are used to diagnose a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in adults?
• What is the unit of measurement for valve area?
• What is the 2D appearance of rheumatic aortic stenosis on echocardiography?
• In mitral stenosis, where is the murmur best heard?
• Which statement best describes the role of 3D echocardiography and contrast when image quality is suboptimal?
• How is left ventricular wall thickness measured clinically, and what threshold indicates hypertrophy?
• Which range represents a normal transmitral E/A ratio in adults?
• How is thrombus in the left ventricle or left atrium detected and which imaging technique enhances sensitivity?
• What are the resulting symptoms of mitral stenosis?
• How is bubble contrast used to diagnose shunts such as PFO/ASD and what timing indicates a shunt?
• Which statement describes the pattern of valve involvement in rheumatic disease?
• Where is the vena contracta width measured to assess MR severity?
• Coarctation of the aorta is best described as?
• What is vena contracta and how is it used to grade MR severity?
• How is regurgitant volume and EROA derived for MR, and what is the limitation of jet area assessment?
• In the RVSP formula, which variable is squared?
• Left ventricular hypertrophy due to volume overload leads to dilation of which chamber?
• Mean gradient and RVSP or PAP measure what?
• How does the 2D image for aortic stenosis appear?
• The RVSP calculation estimates which cardiac parameter?
• Post-stenotic dilation of the aortic root is seen in which abnormality?
• What view is used to visualize bicuspid aortic stenosis?
• What does three-dimensional echocardiography improve in relation to regurgitation?
• The relationship between V and RVSP in the formula is described as:
• Regarding the term 4(V)^2 in the formula, which statement is true about the order of operations?
• When is eccentric valve considered?
• What is a major limitation of MR assessment when relying solely on jet area?
• Which statement best describes the 2D echocardiographic hallmark of rheumatic aortic stenosis?
• Mitral annulus calcification (MAC) involves calcification of which structure?
• Which valve is affected in rheumatic disease leading to stenosis?
• Mitral stenosis back-up of flow typically results in enlargement of which chamber?
• Which statement about the Qp:Qs ratio is true?
• Coarctation of the aorta occurs after which branch of the aortic arch?
• Aortic valve flutter is associated with what level of cardiac output?
• What is the role of contrast echocardiography, and when is microbubble contrast particularly useful?
• Which method is used to calculate severity in mitral stenosis?
• How is MR regurgitant volume calculated using EROA and MR jet VTI?
• What are the echocardiographic findings characteristic of mitral valve prolapse on transthoracic echocardiography?
• In the RVSP calculation, which term is the additive component?
• On M-mode imaging for mitral stenosis, what is the typical appearance of the mitral valve?
• Which statement about the third branch of the aortic arch is true?
• Which statement is true regarding bicuspid aortic stenosis?
• In pulmonary venous flow analysis, an augmented atrial reversal (AR) velocity greater than 30 cm/s is most consistent with which finding?
• Bicuspid aortic stenosis is associated with which condition?
• Which of the following LV mass index thresholds define LV hypertrophy in men and women when indexed to body surface area?
• Global longitudinal strain (GLS) measures LV deformation in which direction, and what is the typical normal range?
• Parachute mitral valve is characterized by how many papillary muscles?
• In aortic stenosis M-mode imaging, what happens to the left ventricular ejection-fraction slope?
• What are the differences between pulse-wave Doppler and continuous-wave Doppler, and when is each used?
• Back-up of blood flow due to mitral stenosis leads to which consequence?
• What is the role of left atrial volume index (LAVI) in diastolic function assessment?
• Mean transmitral gradient thresholds for mitral stenosis severity are mild <5, moderate 5–10, severe >10. If planimetric MVA is 1.4 cm^2 and mean gradient is 9 mmHg, how would you categorize stenosis?
• RVSP calculation is used for which condition?
• Which statement about the mitral valve in rheumatic mitral stenosis is accurate on M-mode?
• Which expression correctly defines MR regurgitant volume in terms of effective regurgitant orifice area and the regurgitant jet velocity-time integral?
• Which echo findings support a diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?
• Which statement about aortic valve flutter and cardiac output is true?
• Which trio of measurements are the main criteria for grading aortic stenosis severity by echocardiography?
• What is the typical normal value for right ventricular free-wall longitudinal strain and how is a less negative value interpreted?
• Mitral stenosis does not pass which part of the heart?
• Why is EF alone an imperfect measure of systolic function, and how does GLS complement it?
• Which Doppler-derived parameter estimates LV filling pressures when E/A is inconclusive, and what is the typical threshold?
• Which method is used to quantify left ventricular ejection fraction most accurately from transthoracic views?
• The expression 4(V)^2 + RAP is used to estimate which cardiac parameter?
• Which method is used to quantify MR regurgitant severity from the regurgitant jet, and what parameters are required?
• Which measurement is used to calculate the left ventricular outflow tract area for the continuity equation in assessing aortic stenosis?
• The single leaflet begins at the aortic root wall and extends across the annulus but doesn't contact the wall. What is this called?
• Opening snap in mitral stenosis is heard during which phase and at which location?
• Annulus reversus is a sign on Doppler imaging used to support the diagnosis of constrictive physiology. Which statement best defines it?
• Which statement best describes how tricuspid regurgitation severity is evaluated by echocardiography?
• In mitral stenosis, backup of blood causes increased pressure on which side of the heart?
• In M-mode imaging of bicuspid or unicuspid aortic valves, which finding is typical?
• In mitral stenosis with MAC, what is the typical 2D appearance of the valve?
• When should the valve be assessed for bicuspid or unicuspid morphology?
• Which alternative transducer is used to evaluate aortic stenosis when standard imaging is limited?
• Which tissue Doppler velocity is most useful for estimating LV relaxation, and what value indicates abnormal relaxation?
• How is the Qp:Qs ratio calculated and what is its clinical interpretation?
• Planimetry directly measures what?
• In rheumatic heart disease, which valve is typically affected first?
• Which two apical views are used in the Simpson biplane method to calculate LV volumes?